Allosteric modulation on specific gene mutated Vitamin D receptor by essential PUFAs and its distinct molecular effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus

A serious health threat affecting the T2DM group is evident more cases T2DM are diagnosed. In this research, we choose to research into all of this possible mechanism of 3T3-L1 Cell lines and Molecular Docking studies Schrodinger software identified Vitamin D, Omega-3, and 6 PUFAs (EPA DHA & AA) Compounds of hydrophilic and hydrophobic pocket throughout molecular modeling besides T2DM. A group of three analog VDRs is being developed for discovery treatment with T2DM. Its use as it was agreed to run a molecular cell culture and docking study. Recognize the binding method involving the compound in T2DM through ADME prediction. The molecular dynamics simulation was enhanced by confirmation of the strength of the possible composite binding. Based on the computational results, the Omega-3 and 6 PUFAs compound encourages energy interaction. The composite contains an in vitro anti-diabetic activity; the compounds have clearly shown that they are active on T2DM. Our studies provide vital information on the findings of the bimolecular T2DM inhibitors.

Effect of some fatty acids on apoptosis related genes in human breast cancer

Breast cancer, the second most common cancer after lung cancer, is the most common cancer type diagnosed in women. No definitive treatment has been established for breast cancer yet, but essential fatty acids offer a promising option. Omega fatty acids are classified in the essential fatty acids that the body cannot produce and, therefore, must be taken through the foods of animal or plant origin. Although in the literature the omega fatty acids have been shown to exhibit significant positive effects in inhibiting various tumor types, their mechanism of action, the apoptotic pathways they employ, and the genes they control have not been clarified yet. In this study, various doses and combinations of omega-3 [Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and omega-6 [Linoleic acid (LA)] fatty acids were administered to human breast cancer MCF7 cell line for 24 h, and using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, the protein expression levels of the following apoptosis-related genes were determined: phospho-p53 (Ser15), p53, Bad, phospho-Bad (Ser112), cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175), and cleaved PARP (Asp214). Even though there was no significant difference observed in the expressions of phospho-p53 (Ser15) and p53 at all doses, other protein expressions were found to increase significantly, suggesting that Omega-3 and -6 can mediate apoptotic pathway to induce cell death in breast cancer cells.

Synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid and hyaluronic acid graft copolymer and its anti-hepatoma activity / 中国药科大学学报

@#In this study, the conjugate of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) was synthesized and the anti-hepatoma activities in vitro were evaluated.The hyaluronic acid-eicosapentaenoic acid (HA-EPA)nanoparticle was synthesized by linking eicosapentaenoic acid with hyaluronic acid with cystamine.The structure of HA-EPA was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).Laser particle sizer and Zeta potential analyzer were used to detect the size and potential of HA-EPA.MTT assay was used to detect the anti-proliferative effect of HA-EPA on HepG2, Huh-7 and LX-2 cells in vitro.The effects of HA-EPA nanoparticles on the proliferation and apoptosis of HepG2 cells in vitro were investigated by EdU staining and TUNEL staining. The apoptosis was further confirmed by flow cytometry.The effect of HA-EPA nanoparticles on the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells was demonstrated by transwell and invasion experiments.The results of 1H NMR showed that HA-EPA was successfully synthesized, and the grafting rate of EPA on HA was (40 ± 5) %. The structure of HA-EPA was further confirmed by FT-IR.The particle size was (162.5 ± 10.2) nm, and the potential was -(4.47 ± 0.31) mV.MTT results showed that, with the prolongation of drug treatment time, HA-EPA showed a better inhibitory effect on the activity of HepG2 and Huh-7 cells than EPA under the same EPA content.After treated for 48 hours, the toxicity of HA-EPA to LX-2 cells was less than that of EPA.The results of 24-hour proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of HepG2 showed that, the graft of hyaluronic acid improved the ability of EPA to inhibit proliferation, promote apoptosis, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells (P < 0.001), indicating that grafting of HA can significantly enhance the inhibitory effect of EPA on liver cancer with some role in reducing toxicity.

Effect of Nutritional Supplement Enriched with Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Lean Mass of Subjects with Oral Cavity Cancer in Oncologic Pretreatment: a Clinical Trial / Efeito do Suplemento Nutricional Enriquecido com Ácido Eicosapentaenoico na Massa Magra de Indivíduos com Câncer de Cavidade Oral em Pré-Tratamento Oncológico: um Ensaio Clínico / Efecto del Suplemento Nutricional Enriquecido con Ácido Eicosapentaenoico en Massa Magra de las Personas con Cáncer de cavidad oral en el Pretratamiento Oncológico: un Ensayo Clínico

Introduction: Oral cavity cancer is considered a public health problem worldwide. Malnutrition is prevalent in this population, increasing morbidity and mortality. Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid has been proposed to reverse protein catabolism and modulate inflammatory processes. Objective:Assess the effect of supplement with eicosapentaenoic acid in the weight and lean mass of patients with oral cavity cancer. Method: Clinical trial conducted with patients in oncologic pretreatment. The patients were randomized to receive nutritional supplement with eicosapentaenoic acid (2 g/day) or placebo. Nutritional parameters (weight, height, body composition and food intake) were assessed at baseline (T0) and after 4 weeks of supplementation (T1). The paired t-test or Wilcoxon test were used in intragroup comparisons. Associations between categorical variables were verified using the χ² or Fisher Exact test. Logistic regression was applied to identify the chance of weight loss. Differences were considered significant at p <0.05. Results:It was not observed significant difference on nutritional parameters between the groups after intervention. However, considering each group at the beginning and at the end of the study, it was observed that patients in the control group presented significant weight loss (T0: 57.2 kg x T1: 56.4 kg), reduction in the body mass index (T0: 22.6 kg/m2x T1: 22.0 kg/m2), fat mass (T0: 17.3 kg x T1: 15.3 kg) and arm circumference (T0: 27.4 cm xT1: 26.8 cm). Those who received supplement with eicosapentaenoic acid had 80% less chance of losing weight (95% CI: 0.045-0.860; OR: 0.19). Conclusion: This trial yielded data suggesting that patients with oral cavity cancer can benefit from eicosapentaenoic acid-containing nutritional supplement in oncologic pretreatment.

Introdução: O câncer de cavidade oral é considerado um problema de saúde pública no mundo. A desnutrição é prevalente nessa população, aumentando a morbimortalidade. A suplementação com ácido eicosapentaenoico tem sido proposta para reverter o catabolismo proteico e modular processos inflamatórios. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do suplemento nutricional enriquecido com ácido eicosapentaenoico no peso corporal e massa magra de pacientes com câncer de cavidade oral. Método: Ensaio clínico realizado com pacientes em pré-tratamento oncológico. Os pacientes foram randomizados para receber suplemento nutricional com ácido eicosapentaenoico (2 g/dia) ou placebo. Os parâmetros nutricionais (peso, estatura, composição corporal e ingestão alimentar) foram avaliados no início (T0) e após quatro semanas de suplementação (T1). O teste-t pareado ou de Wilcoxon foram usados nas comparações intragrupos. As associações entre as variáveis categóricas foram verificadas por meio do teste do χ² ou Exato de Fisher. A regressão logística foi aplicada para identificar a chance de perder peso. As diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p<0,05. Resultados: Não foi observada diferença significativa nos parâmetros nutricionais entre os grupos após a intervenção. No entanto, considerando cada grupo no início e no final do estudo, observou-se que os pacientes do grupo controle apresentaram perda de peso significativa (T0: 57,2 kg x T1: 56,4 kg), redução no índice de massa corporal (T0: 22,6 kg/m2x T1: 22,0 kg/m2), massa gorda (T0: 17,3 kg x T1: 15,3 kg) e circunferência do braço (T0: 27,4 cm xT1: 26,8 cm). Aqueles que receberam suplemento com ácido eicosapentaenoico tiveram 80% menos chance de perder peso (95% IC: 0,045-0,860; OR: 0,19). Conclusão: Este estudo produziu dados que sugerem que pacientes com câncer de cavidade oral podem se beneficiar com o uso de suplemento nutricional contendo ácido eicosapentaenoico no pré-tratamento oncológico.

Introducción: El cáncer de la cavidad oral se considera un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. La desnutrición prevalece en esta población, lo que aumenta la morbilidad y la mortalidad. Cuando la desnutrición se asocia con la anorexia, el aumento del gasto energético y la inflamación se denomina caquexia. Se ha propuesto la suplementación con ácido eicosapentaenoico para revertir el catabolismo proteico y modular los procesos inflamatorios. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de un suplemento nutricional enriquecido con ácido eicosapentaenoico sobre el peso corporal y la masa magra de pacientes con cáncer de cavidad oral. Método: Ensayo clínico realizado con pacientes sometidos a tratamiento previo al cáncer. Los pacientes fueron asignados al azar para recibir un suplemento nutricional con ácido eicosapentaenoico (2 g/día) o placebo. Los parámetros nutricionales (peso, altura, composición corporal e ingesta alimentaria) se evaluaron al inicio del estudio (T0) y después de 4 semanas de suplementación (T1). En las comparaciones intragrupo se utilizó la prueba t pareada o de Wilcoxon. Las asociaciones entre variables categóricas se verificaron mediante la prueba de la χ² o la prueba exacta de Fisher. Se aplicó regresión logística para identificar la posibilidad de perder peso. Las diferencias se consideraron significativas en p<0,05. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en los parámetros nutricionales entre los grupos después de la intervención. Sin embargo, considerando cada grupo al principio y al final del estudio, se observó que los pacientes en el grupo de control tenían una pérdida de peso significativa (T0: 57,2 kg x T1: 56,4 kg), reducción en el índice de masa corporal (T0: 22,6 kg/m2x T1: 22,0 kg/m2), masa grasa (T0: 17,3 kg x T1: 15,3 kg) y circunferencia del brazo (T0: 27,4 cm x T1: 26,8 cm). Aquellos que fueron suplementados con ácido eicosapentaenoico tenían 80% menos probabilidades de perder peso (95% IC: 0,045-0,860; OR: 0,19). Conclusión: Este estudio produjo datos que sugieren que los pacientes con cáncer de la cavidad oral pueden beneficiarse del uso de un suplemento nutricional que contenga ácido eicosapentaenoico en el tratamiento previo al cáncer.

A suplementação com óleo de peixe três vezes mais concentrado em epa (ácido eicosapentaenoico) modifica a função renal em ratos / Supplementation with fish oil three times more concentrated in epa (eicosapentaenoic acid) modifies renal function in rats

Objetivos: o óleo de peixe, rico em ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA), mostrou benefícios renoprotetores em modelos animais de doenças crônicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com óleo de peixe três vezes mais concentrado em EPA (EPA 3X) na função renal de ratos e a eficiência desta suplementação por um curto período de tempo. Metodologia: ratos Wistar (n=16) foram divididos em dois grupos, controle (C) e suplementado (CO) por 14 dias com óleo de peixe (EPA 3X). Foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: ganho de peso, ingesta de água e ração, fluxo urinário, proteinemia, trigliceridemia, osmolaridade, clearance de creatinina e fração de excreção de sódio. Resultados: os ratos suplementados tiveram níveis de triglicerídeos no plasma 58,4% menores que os ratos controle (p=0,0239), entretanto os restantes dos parâmetros sistêmicos avaliados não apresentaram alterações. A suplementação com óleo de peixe não alterou o fluxo urinário. Entretanto, no grupo CO identificou-se um aumento na filtração glomerular, com um incremento em média de 67,8% no clearance de creatinina em relação ao grupo C (p=0,054). A excreção média de proteínas totais na urina e a fração de excreção de sódio foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Conclusão: a suplementação com óleo de peixe três vezes mais concentrado em EPA por um período curto de tempo (quinze dias) provocou alterações significativas tanto em parâmetros sistêmicos (redução significativa na trigliceridemia) quanto na função renal de ratos controle (incremento na filtração glomerular) indicando a eficiência desta suplementação.

Objective: Fish oil, rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has shown renoprotective benefits in animal models of chronic diseases. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with fish oil three times more concentrated in EPA (EPA 3X) on renal function of rats and the efficiency of this supplementation for a short period of time. Methodology: Wistar rats (n=16) were divided into two groups, control (C) and supplemented (CO), supplemented for 14 days with fish oil (EPA 3X). The following parameters were determined: weight gain, water and feed intake, urinary flow, proteinemia, triglyceridemia, osmolarity, creatinine clearance and fractional sodium excretion. Results: The supplemented rats had plasma triglyceride levels 58.4% lower than control rats (p = 0.0239), however the rest of the evaluated systemic parameters did not change. Fish oil supplementation did not alter urinary flow. However, in the CO group an increase in glomerular filtration was identified, with an increase of 67.8% on average in creatinine clearance compared to group C (p = 0.054. The mean excretion of total proteins in the urine and the fractional sodium excretion were similar between groups. Conclusion: Supplementation with fish oil three times more concentrated in EPA for a short period of time (fifteen days) caused significant changes both in systemic parameters (significant reduction in triglyceridemia) and in the renal function of control rats (increase in glomerular filtration) indicating the efficiency of supplementation.

Omega-3 fatty acids and fecundation, pregnancy and breastfeeding / Ácidos graxos ômega 3 e fecundação, gravidez e amamentação

Abstract Long-chain omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as the eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, have been linked to human health in all stages of life, from fetal development to aging. These PUFAs act as precursors for various metabolites involved in the prevention of certain diseases. The recognizable effects of these supplements prior to pregnancy (oocyte maturation), during pregnancy (improvement in the risk of premature delivery, among others) and in the offspring (in terms of cognitive function and the approach to neurodevelopmental disorders) are described in the present narrative review. We concluded that the diffusion of these supplements may improve the prognosis of these patients in a simple, effective way, and with high safety rates.

Resumo Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPIs) ômega-3 (n-3) de cadeia longa, como os ácidos eicosapentaenoico e docosa-hexaenoico, têm sido associados à saúde humana em todas as etapas da vida, do desenvolvimento fetal ao envelhecimento. Esses AGPIs atuam como precursores de vários metabólitos envolvidos na prevenção de algumas doenças. Os efeitos reconhecíveis desses suplementos antes da gravidez (maturação dos oócitos), durante a gravidez (melhora do risco de parto prematuro, entre outros) e nos descendentes (em termos de função cognitiva e abordagem dos distúrbios do neurodesenvolvimento) são apresentados nesta revisão narrativa. Concluiu-se que a difusão desses suplementos pode melhorar o prognóstico desses pacientes de maneira simples, eficaz, e com altas taxas de segurança.

Effects of substrate on growth and lipid accumulation of Tribonema sp. FACHB-1786 / 生物工程学报

Filamentous microalga Tribonema sp. has the advantages of highly resistance to zooplankton-predation, easy harvesting, and high cellular lipid content, in particular large amounts of palmitoleic acid (PA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Therefore, Tribonema sp. is considered as a promising biomass feedstock to produce biodiesel and high-value products. In this work, we studied the effect of different concentrations of nitrogen (NaNO₃: 255-3 060 mg/L), phosphorus (K₂HPO₄: 4-240 mg/L), iron ((NH₄)₃FeC₁₂H₁₀O₁₄: 0.6-12 mg/L) and magnesium (MgSO₄: 7.5-450 mg/L) on the biomass, lipid content, and fatty acid composition of Tribonema sp. FACHB-1786, aiming at enhancing cell lipid productivity. The growth of Tribonema sp. had a positive correlation with the concentration of magnesium, and the maximum biomass of Tribonema sp. (under the condition of 450 mg/L MgSO₄) was 8.09 g/L, much greater than those reported in previous studies using the same and other Tribonema species under autotrophic conditions. Different nitrogen concentrations exerted no significant effect on algal growth (P > 0.05), but a higher nitrogen concentration resulted in a greater amount of lipid in the cells. The maximum volumetric productivities of total lipids (319. 6 mg/(L·d)), palmitoleic acid (135.7 mg/(L·d)), and eicosapentaenoic acid (24.2 mg/(L·d)) of Tribonema sp. were obtained when the concentrations of NaNO₃, K₂HPO₄, (NH₄)₃FeC₁₂H₁₀O₁₄, and MgSO₄ were 765 mg/L, 80 mg/L, 6 mg/L, and 75 mg/L, respectively. This study will provide a reference for substrate optimization for Tribonema sp. growth and lipid production.

Ácidos grasos en cepas de microalgas del Banco de Germoplasma de Organismos Acuáticos del Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)

Se determinó la composición de ácidos grasos de 54 cepas microalgales colectadas del Perú y mantenidas en el Banco de Germoplasma de Organismos Acuáticos (IMARPE) con la finalidad de determinar su uso nutricional en la acuicultura. Para ello se realizaron cultivos en un volumen de 50 mL y se determinaron los porcentajes relativos de ácidos grasos mediante transesterificación directa y cromatografía de gases. En el grupo Chlorophyta las microalgas que presentaron los mayores valores de porcentaje relativo de ácidos grasos fueron Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (16:0; 41.2%), Scenedesmus obtusus (18:1n-7; 33.6%), Acutodesmus dimorphus (18:1n-9; 37.1%), Desmodesmus armatus (18:3n-3; 32.2%) y Tetraselmis contracta (16:4n-3; 16.5%). En cambio en el grupo Bacillariophyta, los ácidos grasos más abundantes fueron 16:1n-7 en Chaetoceros didymus (20.2%), 18:4n-3 en Navicula sp. (28.3%) y EPA en Asterionellopsis sp. (31.5%). Por otro lado, en el grupo Dinophyta, todas las cepas superaron el 20% de DHA, en particular, la cepa de Akashiwo sanguinea presentó el mayor porcentaje relativo de este ácido graso (29.9%) y de los ácidos grasos 16:0 (24.8%) y EPA (16%). Se discute el uso de estas cepas según su contenido de ácidos grasos.

In This work, we determinate the fatty acids composition and their nutritional value in 54 microalgal strains, collected from Peru and stored in Banco de Germoplasma de Organismos Acuáticos (IMARPE). The cultures were grown to 50 mL and analyzed by direct transesterification and gas chromatography. In the Chlorophyta group, the microalgaes that present the highest relative percentage of fatty acids were Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (16:0; 41.2%), Scenedesmus obtusus (18:1n-7; 33.6%), Acutodesmus dimorphus (18:1n-9; 37.1%), Desmodesmus armatus (18:3n-3; 32.2%) and Tetraselmis contracta (16:4n-3; 16.5%). Moreover in the Bacillariophyta group, the most abundant fatty acids were 16:1n-7 in Chaetoceros didymus (20.2%), 18:4n-3 in Navicula sp. (28.3%) and EPA in Asterionellopsis sp. (31.5%). By the other hand, in the Dinophyta group, all strains exceed the 20% of DHA, in particular Akashiwo sanguinea, it was strain to have the highest percentage of this fatty acid (29.9%) in addition to 16: 0 (24.8%) and EPA (16%). We discussed uses of these strains is according to their fatty acids content.

Effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Supplementation on Paraoxonase 2 Gene Expression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is recognized as one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases, and it is mostly associated with oxidative stress, atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) due to its antioxidant properties may play a role in the atherosclerosis development. Although long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, the exact mechanism of action is still unknown. Our goal in this study was to determine the effect of EPA administration on gene expression of PON2 in patients with T2DM. Present study was a randomized, controlled double-blind trial. Thirty-six patients with T2DM were randomly allocated to receive 2 g/day EPA (n = 18) or placebo (n = 18) for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences between 2 groups concerning demographic or biochemical variables, and dietary intakes as well (p > 0.05). However, patients received EPA showed a significant increase in the gene expression of PON2 compared with placebo group (p = 0.027). In addition, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased and fasting blood sugar decreased significantly after EPA supplementation compared with control group. Taken together, supplementation with 2 g/day EPA could be atheroprotective via the upregulation of PON2 in patients with T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03258840

Assessment of anti-depressant activity of omega 3 fatty acids in rodents

Background: Depression contributes to significant disease burden at national and global levels. At the personal and domestic level too, depression leads to poor quality of life, causing a huge socioeconomic impact. In the world, over 300 million people are estimated to have depression and the numbers of depressed persons are only projected to go up.Methods: The forced swim test (FST) is one of the most commonly used animal models for assessment of antidepressant effects in rodents. In the modified version of this test, the rats are forced to swim in a glass tank with no means of escape, inducing a behaviour of immobility, which resembles a state of despair, akin to depression in humans. The rats were divided into 6 groups: 1. control group: treated with distilled water; 2. standard group treated with fluoxetine Hcl (10mg/kg); 3.test-1 group treated with omega-3 FAs (300mg/kg); 4.test-2 group treated with a higher dose of omega-3 FAs (500 mg/kg); 5.test-3 group treated with omega-3 FAs (300mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10mg/kg); and 6.test-4 group treated with omega-3 FAs (500 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10mg/kg).Results: The independent between-groups ANOVA yielded a statistically highly significant result, F (5, 30) = 9.47, P <0.001. Thus, the null hypothesis of no difference between the means was rejected. To further evaluate the nature of the differences between the means of the six groups, the statically significant ANOVA result was followed by Tukey's honest significant difference post-hoc tests.Conclusions: This study finds that omega 3 fatty acids have intrinsic antidepressant activity, and the combination of fluoxetine and omega 3 fatty acids has significantly more antidepressant effect than fluoxetine alone in the forced swim test done on Wistar rats.

Risk Assessment of “Other Substances” –Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Docosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet; NFSA), assessed the risk of “other substances” in food supplements and energy drinks sold in Norway. VKM has assessed the risk of doses given by NFSA. These risk assessments will provide NFSA with the scientific basis while regulating the addition of “other substances” to food supplements and other foods. “Other substances” are described in the food supplement directive 2002/46/EC as substances other than vitamins or minerals that have a nutritional or physiological effect. The substance is added mainly to food supplements, but also to energy drinks and other foods. VKM has not in this series of risk assessments of “other substances” evaluated any potential beneficial effects from these substances, only possible adverse effects. The present report is a risk assessment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in food supplements, and is based on previous risk assessments and a literature search. It is emphasised that this risk assessment concerns the single fatty acids EPA, DPA or DHA separately and not mixtures of these as found in e.g. fish oil/cod liver oil. For risk assessment of combined mixtures of n-3 LCPUFAs in e.g. fish oil/cod liver oil, see the EFSA opinion from 2012 or the VKM assessment from 2011 (EFSA, 2012; VKM, 2011). In the reviewed literature of this risk assessment, no studies investigating ratios between EPA, DPA, DHA or other fatty acids in mixtures have been identified. EPA, DPA and DHA are long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) and in food these fatty acids are incorporated in triacylglycerols (TAGs) and phospholipids (PLs). Dietary sources are fatty fish, cod liver-, seal-, whale-, fish- and krill oils and human milk, containing various ratios of these fatty acids in combination. EPA can be metabolised to eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, prostacyclins and leukotrienes, all groups are biologically active substances. The eicosanoids participate in the regulation of blood pressure, renal function, blood coagulation, inflammatory and immunological reactions. DHA is an essential structural component of the brain, skin, sperm, testicles and retina. DPA can be retro-converted to EPA or converted to DHA. Still little is known of the biological effects of DPA. Humans have a limited capacity to synthesise EPA, DPA and subsequently DHA from the precursor alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and this endogenous production is negligible in comparison to the doses used in supplementation studies. According to information from the NFSA, EPA, DPA and DHA are food supplement ingredients in Norway, and NFSA has requested a risk assessment of these fatty acids in the following doses in food supplements: EPA: 1500, 1750 and 1825 mg/day DPA: 100, 125 and 150 mg/day DHA: 1050 and 1290 mg/day Children below 10 years were not included in the terms of reference. Information about intake of EPA, DPA and DHA from the diet is scarce, but calculations performed in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study indicate a mean total intake (SD) from food and supplements of EPA around 330 (340) mg/day, DPA 43 (30) mg/day and DHA 430 (380) mg/day among pregnant women (2002 to 2008). Mean combined intake of EPA, DPA and DHA from fish oil/ cod liver oil in adults participating in a nationally representative dietary survey was 735 mg/day (VKM, 2014). The major concerns with high intake of EPA and DHA have been increased bleeding time, adverse effects related to immune function, lipid peroxidation and glucose homeostasis. EFSA concluded in 2012 that long-term supplemental intakes of 5 g/day of the n-3 LCPUFA do not raise safety concerns for adults with regard to an increased risk of spontaneous bleeding episodes or bleeding complications, or affect glucose homeostasis, immune function or lipid peroxidation. In 2011, VKM concluded that an intake n-3 LCPUFA up to 6.9 g/day was not associated with increased risk of any serious adverse events. Some adverse health effects related to gastrointestinal function, including abdominal cramps, flatulence, eructation, vomiting and diarrhea have been reported, but seem to be associated with intake of an oily substance and not related specifically to EPA, DPA and/or DHA. EPA: In the report from 2012, EFSA concluded that 1.8 g/day of supplemental EPA does not raise safety concerns in adults. None of the included studies from our literature searches limited to 2012 and onwards have investigated bleeding complications. The dosages of EPA in the three included studies in this report range from 1.8 to 3.8 g/day for 12 weeks. The main endpoints in the studies included lipid peroxidation, inflammation biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases and no serious adverse events were found related to the main endpoints. In general, adverse events were described as gastrointestinal discomforts and not related to dosage. Studies of longer duration are necessary before an intake above 1.8 g of EPA can be considered safe. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) concludes that the specified doses of 1500, 1750, 1825 mg/day of EPA in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects in adults (≥18 years). In 2012, EFSA did not make conclusions for children or adolescents for EPA. No new studies with EPA supplementation have been identified in children or adolescents after 2012, and therefore no risk assessment can be made for children (≥10 years) or adolescents. DPA: No dosage of DPA in food supplements can be evaluated due to lack of data. DHA: EFSA concluded that 1 g/day of supplemental DHA does not raise safety concerns for the general population (including children and adolescents). The dosages of DHA in the included trials in this report range from 1.0 to 3.6 g/day and the duration from five weeks to four years. Six out of seven studies have used dosages from 1 to 2 g DHA/day. The last study included up to 3.6 g DHA/day for four years and the age spanned from 7 to 31 years. The main endpoints in all studies included lipid peroxidation, inflammation, cognitive performance, blood pressure and biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases and no serious adverse events were found related to the main endpoints. In general, adverse events were described as gastrointestinal discomforts and not related to dosage. VKM therefore considers that the specified daily doses of DHA that moderately exceed 1 g per day (1050 and 1290 mg/day) are unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the general population including children ≥10 years and adolescents. VKM concludes that the specified doses of 1050 and 1290 mg/day of DHA in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the general population including children (≥10 years), adolescents and adults (≥18 years).

The serum arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in children with healthy weight and obesity

The western diet is characterized by a high consumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and reduced n-3PUFAs, this phenomenon has been parallel to the increase in the prevalence of obesity. The studies that have analyzed the association between serum PUFAs and the influence on the development of adiposity in children is limited and the findings are controversial. The present study compared the ARA/EPA (arachidonic/eicosapentaenoic) PUFA ratio in children with healthy weight vs. obesity in a cross-sectional study. Thirty children were diagnosed with obesity and 32 children with healthy weight determined through the age-specific body mass index (BMI) Z score, according to the WHO. The variables included were weight, BMI, waist circumference (WC), and the serum ARA/EPA ratio. The Student's t test and Pearson correlation were performed and statistical significance was set at a p <0.05. The project was approved by the local ethics committee of the hospital Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. The serum ARA/EPA ratio was significantly higher in children with obesity compared with healthy weight (9.0 vs 5.4; p = 0.012). A statistically significant difference was observed between healthy weight boys and obese boys (p=0.003). Furthermore, the ARA/EPA ratio correlated positively with weight (r=0.336; p=0.008), BMI (r=0.373; p=0.003), WC (r=0.319; p=0.012) and cardio-metabolic risk (r=0.302; p=0.017). When performing a multivariate regression analysis, we identified that BMI was the only variable that remained significant and predicted the ARA/EPA ratio. In conclusion, the serum ARA/EPA ratio differed significantly in relation to weight and was higher in the obese children(AU)

La dieta occidental se caracteriza por un alto consumo de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-6(AGPI) y AGPIn-3 reducidos, fenómeno que ha sido paralelo al aumento en la prevalencia de la obesidad. Los estudios que han analizado la asociación entre AGPN en suero y adiposidad en niños son limitados y con hallazgos inconsistentes. El presente estudio comparó la relación ARA/EPA (ácido araquidónico/eicosapentaenoico) AGPI en niños con peso normal vs. obesidad. Es un estudio transversal donde treinta niños fueron diagnosticados con obesidad y 32 niños con peso normal determinado mediante el puntaje z del IMC para la edad, de acuerdo a la OMS. Las variables incluidas fueron peso, IMC, circunferencia de cintura (CC) y la relación ARA/EPA en suero. Se realizó prueba de t de Student y correlación de Pearson, la significación estadística se estableció en p <0,05. El proyecto fue aprobado por el comité de ética local del Hospital del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. La relación ARA/EPA en suero fue significativamente mayor en niños con obesidad en comparación con el peso normal (9,0 frente a 5,4; p = 0,012). Además, la relación ARA/EPA se correlacionó positivamente con el peso (r = 0.336; p = 0.008), IMC (r = 0.373; p = 0.003), CC (r = 0.319; p = 0.012). Al realizar un análisis de regresión multivariable, identificamos que el IMC fue la variable predictora que permaneció significativa. En conclusión, la relación de suero ARA/EPA fue significativamente mayor en los niños con obesidad(AU)

Ômega 3 na gestação e seus benefícios / Omega 3 during pregnancy and its benefits

O objetivo desta pesquisa é levantar a literatura científica sobre os benefícios do Ômega-3 na gestação, que se deu pelas bases de dados Scientifc Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), Literatura Internacional em Ciências de Saúde (Medline) e National Library of Medicine (Pubmed) e Cochrane em literaturas nacionais e internacionais. Nesta pesquisa pode-se verificar que o ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) é considerado como o principal tipo de Ômega-3 pelo fato de proporcionar benefícios para a saúde, que vão desde o desenvolvimento do cérebro e da retina do bebê, os quais têm início a partir da suplementação da mãe já na gestação. O acúmulo do Ômega-3 ocorre no último trimestre da gestação e o transporte se dá através da placenta, sendo depositado no cérebro e na retina do concepto. Ocorre também um acúmulo simultâneo nas glândulas mamárias durante esta fase. O recomendado pelo consenso é de 200mg/dia, independentemente da fonte utilizada para suplementação. O adequado aporte de Ômega-3 na gestação e no pós-natal tem influência positiva no desenvolvimento visual e do sistema nervoso do recém-nascido, influenciando também na inteligência e na intelectualidade do indivíduo na vida adulta. O Ômega-3 é importante também na prevenção e tratamento de diversas doenças como obesidade, doenças cardiovasculares, imunológicas, câncer de cólon, entre outras.(AU)

The objective of this research is to raise the scientific literature on the benefits of omega-3 during pregnancy, which occurred in research in databases Scientifc Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (Lilacs) , International Literature in Health Sciences (MEDLINE) and national Library of Medicine (PubMed) and the Cochrane in national and international literature, which can be seen that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is considered as the main type of Omega-3, the fact provide health benefits ranging from brain development and the baby's retina, which begins from the mother during pregnancy supplementation already. The Omega-3 accumulation occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy and the transport is through the placenta being deposited in the brain and retina of the fetus. It is also a simultaneous accumulation in the mammary glands during this phase. The recommended by consensus is 200 mg / day, regardless of the source used for supplementation. Adequate intake of omega-3 during pregnancy and in the postnatal has positive influences on visual development and the nervous system of the newborn, influencing also the intelligence and the individual intellect in adulthood. The Omega-3 is also important in the prevention and treatment of various diseases as obesity, cardiovascular, immune disorders, colon cancer, among others.(AU)

Isolation and molecular characterization of Thraustochytrium strain isolated from Antarctic Peninsula and its biotechnological potential in the production of fatty acids

ABSTRACT Thraustochytrids are unicellular protists belonging to the Labyrinthulomycetes class, which are characterized by the presence of a high lipid content that could replace conventional fatty acids. They show a wide geographic distribution, however their diversity in the Antarctic Region is rather scarce. The analysis based on the complete sequence of 18S rRNA gene showed that strain 34-2 belongs to the species Thraustochytrium kinnei, with 99% identity. The total lipid profile shows a wide range of saturated fatty acids with abundance of palmitic acid (16:0), showing a range of 16.1-19.7%. On the other hand, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are present in a range of 24-48% and 6.1-9.3%, respectively. All factors analyzed in cells (biomass, carbon consumption and lipid content) changed with variations of culture temperature (10 °C and 25 °C). The growth in glucose at a temperature of 10 °C presented the most favorable conditions to produce omega-3fatty acid. This research provides the identification and characterization of a Thraustochytrids strain, with a total lipid content that presents potential applications in the production of nutritional supplements and as well biofuels.

Caracterización de diversas especies de peces como fuente de PUFAs y omega 3 según su perfil de ácidos grasos / Characterization of Diverse Fish Species as Sources of PUFAs and Omega-3 According to Their Fatty Acid Profile

Resumen Antecedentes: en los últimos años, los estudios enfocados en el consumo de peces como fuente de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFAs), específicamente de cadena larga (DHA y EPA), han tomado más fuerza debido a la evidencia creciente de diversos efectos de protección y prevención en salud, y ha sido el salmón el más recomendado. Objetivo: identificar el contenido de PUFAs y omega 3 de diferentes especies de peces y determinar si son fuente de estos, mediante la recolección, revisión y selección de estudios realizados a nivel nacional e internacional acerca del perfil de ácidos grasos en peces y su posterior clasificación según la Resolución 333 de 2011 de Colombia y las recomendaciones de consumo del Codex Alimentarius y la FAO-FINUT. Resultados: se clasificó como excelente fuente de PUFAs la tilapia, la cachama, la carpeta, la sardina, la corvina y el atún rojo; por LC-PUFAs, la mayoría fue excelente fuente, siendo el atún rojo, la cachama, el salmón común, la anchoa, la sardina y el atún aleta amarilla las principales especies. La mayoría cubrieron el 100 % de las recomendaciones diarias de consumo de estos nutrientes. Conclusión: las especies halladas como fuente de PUFAs y omega 3 en esta revisión las constituye en nuevas alternativas de consumo, contribuyendo al cubrimiento de las necesidades de los individuos en las comunidades.

Abstract Background: In recent years, studies focused on fish consumption as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PU-FAs), specifically long chain (DHA and EPA), have become garnered strength due to increasing evidence of various health protection and prevention effects. Salmon has been the most recommended. Objective: To identify the content of PUFAs and omega-3 in various species of fish through collection, revision, and selection of national and international studies on the fatty acid profile of fish and their subsequent classification according to Resolution 333 of Colombia and consumption recommendations of Codex Alimentarius and FAO-FINUT. Results: Tilapia, cachama, carpe, sardines, bass, and red tuna were classified as excellent sources of PUFAs. For LC-PUFAs, most were excellent sources, especially red tuna, cachama, salmon, anchovy, sardines, and yellow fin tuna. The majority covered 100% of daily consumption recommendations for these nutrients. Conclusion: The species found as a source of PU-FAs and omega 3 in this review are new consumption alternatives, contributing to the coverage of community needs.

Experimental study on inhibiting graft rejection following high-risk cornea transplatation by resolvinE1 in mice / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background The conventional drugs for preventing and treating graft rejection have the risks of inducing adverse responses.Researches showed that resolvinE1 (RvE1) can regulate Th1 cell-mediated immunoreaction.However,whether RvE1 has an inhibit effect on high-risk corneal graft is unclear now.Objective This study was to investigate the effects of RvE1 on immune rejection in high-risk corneal grafting mouse models.Methods SPF BALB/c mice were used as recipients,C57BL/6 mice were as donors.Ninety BALB/c mice were divided into corneal allograft group,corneal allograft+RvE1 group and corneal autograft group according to random number table.High-risk corneal graft models were established by corneal suturing for 14 days and followed by penetrating keratoplasty in recipients.Allograft keratoplasty was performed on the right eyes in the mice of corneal allograft group and corneal allograft+RvE1 group,and self-corneal graft rotated 180°was transplanted on the right eyes in the mice of autograft group.Normal saline solution of 10 μl was subconjunctivally injected after surgery once per day for 7 days in the corneal allograft group and corneal autograft group,and 10 μl RyE1 (1 μg) was used in the same way in the corneal allograft+RvE1 group.The recipient eyes were examined for potential rejection signals with slit lamp microscope and calculated the mean survival time and rejection index (RI).The histopathology was examined 21 days after modeling by hemotoxylin and eosin staining.The expressions of CD4 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)in the corneas were detected by immunohistochemistry.Th1 cell (CD3+CD8a-IFN-γ+) percentage in draining lymph nodes were measured by flow cytometry.The mRNA expression levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2),tumor mecrosis factor-α (TNF-α),IFN-γ and T-bet were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.Results The mean survival time of grafts was (28.5± 1.7) days in the corneal allograft group,and that in the corneal allograft+RvE1 group was (14.0±1.6) days,showing a significant difference between them (t =4.14,P＜0.001),while the survival rate was 100％ at 50 days after modeling in the corneal autograft group.Corneal edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were slight in the corneal allograft+RvE1 group and corneal autograft group compared with corneal allograft group.CD4 was positively expressed in corneal tissue,and IFN-γ was expressed in corneal epithelium.The CD4+ and IFN-γ+ cell number was decreased in the corneal allograft+RvE1 group and corneal autograft group compared with corneal allograft group under the fluorescence microscope.The percentages of Th1 cells in lymph cells of corneal allograft +RvE1 group and corneal autograft group were (1.07 ±0.25) ％,(0.85 ±0.12) ％,respectively,which were significnatly lower than (1.56±0.20) ％ in the corneal allograft group (both at P＜0.05).The expressions of IL-2,TNF-α,IFN-γ and T-bet mRNA in the corneal tissue in the corneal allograft group were higher than those in the corneal allograft+RvE1 group and corneal autograft group (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions RyE1 inhibits graft rejection in high-risk allograft mouse models probably by down-regulating the Th1 cell percentage in lymph cells and the expression of inflammationrelated cytokines in corneal grafts.

Eicosapentaenoic acid enhances the sensitivity of glioma cell line U87 to temozolomide via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of Eicosapentaenoic scid (EPA) on the sensitivity of glioma cell line U87 to temozolomide (TMZ) and the mechanism behind this effect.Methods U87 cells were randomly divided into four groups:control group,TMZ group,EPA+TMZ group and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) activation tunicamycin group (EPA+TMZ+TM group).MTT method was used to evaluate inhibition ratio of cell proliferation.The apoptotic ratio was examined by flow eytometry.Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of apoptosis cytokines (caspase-3 and Bax) and ERS cytokines [glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1)].Results EPA causes concentration-dependent and time-dependent inhibition of the cell proliferation (all P=0.00).EPA significantly enhanced the sensitivity of glioma cell line U87 to temozolomide.Compared to TMZ treatment alone,the inhibition ratio [(56.27+6.15)％ vs.(42.32±4.12)％,P=0.03] and apoptotic ratio [(49.78±5.94)％ vs.(37.74± 4.24)％,P=0.04] of U87 cells were enhanced by EPA+TMZ treatment.Western blot showed that the expression of apoptotic factor caspase-3 and Bax proteins were increased by EPA+TMZ treatment,while the protein expressions of ERS-related factors (GRP78 and IRE-1) were significantly inhibited (P=0.01).However,the salutary effects of EPA were reversed by ERS activation tunicamycin.Conclusion EPA enhances the sensitivity of glioma cell line U87 to temozolomide,the mechanism of which may be the suppression of ERS response.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Health Impacts.

In order to encourage discussions on "polyunsaturated fatty acids" and health, the Brazilian branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) promoted the XII International Workshop Series on Foods with Functional Properties and/or Health Claims (28-29 November 2013) which consolidated knowledge, presented scientific advances, and promoted exchange of experiences on "Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Health Impacts". Various topics were addressed at this meeting including: nutritional needs and consumption issues; impact on chronic diseases: cardiovascular diseases and cancer; influence on gene expression; immunological system and inflammation; sources of these fatty acids; benefits during pregnancy and childhood; cost and benefit of supplementation; and regulations (legislation). In general terms, the event presented evidence of the benefit of polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and infant development, as well as possible influence on gene expression, contributing to their relationship with the immunological system and, therefore, inflammatory processes. The recommendations of consumption and/or supplementation with these fatty acids are specific to particular groups and still require further studies. With respect to regulations in terms of legislation, each country/authority recommends different content properties and/or health claims. The event generated prospects for research fields, development, and regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the scientific community and industries.

Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits formation of cholesterol gallstone by suppressing gene HMGCR and ABCG5/8 in mice / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To observe the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cholesterol gallstones formation in C57BL/6 mice with diet-induced cholesterol gallstone,and then explore the potential mechanism.Methods Fifty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (10 mice in each group),referring to control group,experimental group,experimental plus DHA group,experimental plus EPA group,as well as experimental plus DHA and EPA group.The mice in control group were fed with regular diet,and the rest of the mice with lithogenic diet (LD).Subsequent to feeding the mice with separate diets for two weeks,EPA and/or DHA (70 mg · kg-1 · d-1) were orally administered for eight weeks,while the LD feeding was continued during this period.After a total of 10 weeks,the mice were dissected to observe the gallstone formation.The levels of serum lipids,total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipids (PL) in bile,and TC in the liver were tested,and the protein expression of HMGCR,SRBI,ABCG5/ABCG8,CYP7A1 and ABCB11genes in the liver of mice was measured.Results Compared with the experimental group,the experimental plus EPA group had significantly lower TC in liver (0.033 ±0.008 mmolo/g) and bile (1.807 ±0.381 mmolo/L),and lower relative protein expression levels of HMGCR (0.545±0.098),ABCG5 (0.418±0.089) and ABCG8 (0.501 ±0.151)in liver (P＜ 0.05).The contents of TC in liver and bile,and the protein expression of HMGCR,ABCG5andABCG8 in liver were 0.048 ± 0.006 mmol/g and 2.662 ± 0.339 mmolo/L,and 1.011 ± 0.213,1.037 ± 0.276 and 1.266 ±0.312,respectively.No significant differences were observed between experimental plus DHA group and experimental group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions EPA could prevent the cholesterol gallstone formation in mice by decreasing the expression of HMGCR and ABCG5/8 genes in liver,therefore reducing cholesterol synthesis and blocking cholesterol transport from liver to bile as well as diminishing cholesterol content in the bile.However,the inhibition effect of DHA on cholesterol gallstone formation was not obvious.

Characterization of the ovary fatty acids composition of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) (Teleostei: Siluriformes), throughout their reproductive cycle

Knowledge about gonad fatty acid composition is important for broodstock diet formulation. This study characterized ovary fatty acid composition of wild female jundiá catfish (Rhamdia quelen) in their different gonadal maturation stages. Female jundiá (n = 36, average weight= 383.8 + 208.8 g) were captured in the rio Uruguay, comprising all seasons. Ovaries were extracted and classified according to their gonadal maturation stage. Gonad-somatic ratio varied significantly among seasons, being higher in spring (3.7), followed by summer (2.2), winter (0.9) and autumn (0.6). Main fatty acids groups detected were: saturated (SFA= 35.5%), monounsaturated (MUFA= 28.1%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA= 33.5%). Over the four seasons, palmitic acid was recorded in large quantities, followed by docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). ARA was present in higher concentrations in immature or maturing ovaries, and its content decreased along the maturation process. Conversely, DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents increased during maturation. Such variation resulted in an increase in EPA/ARA and DHA/ARA ratios in mature gonads, which can be important for successful breeding. Such findings suggest that jundiá broodstock diets should contain lipids that provide long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from both the n-3 and n-6 series to ensure gonadal maturation completion.

O conhecimento da composição de ácidos graxos da gônada, como dos fatores que a influenciam são importantes na formulação de dietas para reprodutores de qualquer espécie. O presente estudo caracteriza a composição de ácidos graxos da gônada de fêmeas de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) selvagens em seus diferentes estágios de maturação gonadal. Fêmeas de jundiá (n = 36) com peso médio de 383,8 + 208,8 g foram capturadas no alto rio Uruguai, ao longo de um ano, abrangendo as quatro estações. As gônadas foram extraídas, classificadas e posteriormente sua composição de ácidos graxos foi determinada. A relação gônado-somática variou significativamente entre as estações, sendo maior na primavera (3,7), seguida de verão (2,2), inverno (0,9) e no outono (0,6). Os principais grupos de ácidos graxos detectados foram: saturados (35,5 + 3,5%), monoinsaturados (28,1 + 4,3%) e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (33,5 + 3,0%), com aproximadamente 30% para cada grupo. Ao longo das quatro estações, o ácido palmítico foi registrado em grandes quantidades, seguido do ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) e ácido araquidônico (ARA). O ácido araquidônico estava presente em concentrações mais elevadas nas gônadas imaturas que nas gônadas maturas, e seu conteúdo diminuído ao longo do processo de maturação. Inversamente, o conteúdo de DHA e ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) aumentaram durante o processo de maturação. Tal variação resultou num aumento das relações EPA/ARA e DHA/ARA nas gônadas maturas, fato que pode ser importante para o sucesso da reprodução no jundiá. Tais resultados sugerem que dietas para reprodutores da espécie devem conter fontes de lipídios que proporcionem ácidos graxos de cadeia longa de ambas series (n-3 e n-6) para assegurar uma correta maturação final da gônada.